|
|
|
Description
|
|
The third edition of the book is thoroughly updated and presented in a new two-colour format. The book presents a detailed and authoritative exposition of the basic principles and applications of biochemistry. It focuses primarily on clarity of the fundamental concepts and explains them according to the need of undergraduate medical students. The organization of content in this book is such that it provides the reader with a logical sequence of events that aids learning.
|
|
|
|
|
Key Features
|
• More emphasis in this edition is to systemize presentation and make reading soothing and pleasurable by deleting redundant details, adding new text and figures, improvement of earlier figures, supplementing text with easy to comprehend flowcharts, without changing basic framework of the book.
• Each chapter ends with clinical cases and the related questions, which evokes yet another method of active learning rather than didactic methods of imparting knowledge.
• Key points have been highlighted and boxed at the end of each topic for quick revision of the core concepts.
• This book comes with a free companion website which contains self-assessment exercises, detailed case discussions related to the clinical cases given inside the book, glossary and various other features for enhanced learning.
|
|
|
|
|
About the Author
|
|
Dr Dinesh Puri is currently working as Professor and Head, Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi. He has been involved in the development of curriculum for undergraduate and postgraduate medical students and medical laboratory technicians. Dr Puri has teaching experience of about 27 years. He has been actively pursuing research and has won several awards including those by International Medical Academy for his research on therapeutic properties of medicinal plants.
|
|
|
|
|
|
TOC
|
Water, Buffers and Acid-Base Chemistry ... 1
I. Water as Principal Biological Fluid ... .1
II. Acids, Bases and Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs ... ..5
III. Acid-Base Balance: Applied Aspects ... ...9
Exercises ... ...17
Clinical Cases ... ...18
2. Chemistry of Carbohydrates ... . 19
I. Biological Significance of Carbohydrates ... .19
II. Classification of Carbohydrates ... .20
III. Structural Properties ... .20
IV. Hexoses, Pentoses, and Related Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides ... .23
V. Derived Sugars ... .25
VI. Polysaccharides ... ...27
Exercises ... ...33
3. Chemistry of Lipids ... .. 35
I. Fatty Acids ... ..35
II. Classification of Lipids ... ...39
Exercises ... ...45
Clinical Case ... .46
4. Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins ... ... 47
I. Amino Acids ... ..47
II. Peptides ... ...55
III. Proteins... .58
IV. Chemical Synthesis of Proteins ... ..73
Exercises ... ...73
Clinical Cases ... ...74
5. Proteins with Biological Activity ... 75
I. Collagen ... ..75
II. Elastin ... ...82
III. Glycoproteins ... ...82
IV. Plasma Proteins ... ..86
V. Immunoglobulins ... ..92
Exercises ... ...98
Clinical Cases ... ...99
6. Enzymes ... .101
I. Properties of Enzymes ... .. 101
II. Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis ... ...104
III. Nomenclature ... ...105
IV. Quantitative Assay of Enzymes ... ... 107
V. Enzyme Kinetics ... ...108
VI. Michaelis-Menten Kinetic Theory of Enzyme Action ... .110
VII. Inhibition of Enzyme Activity ... .. 112
VIII. Regulation of Enzyme Activity ... . 116
IX. Isoenzymes ... .. 119
X. Enzymes in Clinical Diagnosis ... ... 119
XI. Enzymes as Therapeutic Agents ... ..125
Exercises ... .125
Clinical Cases ... .126
7. Characteristics of Cells and Membrane Transport ... . 128
I. Cell Structure ... ..128
II. Biological Membranes ... ..131
III. Transport Across Cell Membrane ... ...137
Exercises ... .145
Clinical Case ... ..145
8. Overview of Metabolism and Cell Bioenergetics ... ... 146
I. Overview of Metabolism ... .146
II. Bioenergetics: Principles ... ..150
Exercises ... .156
9. Metabolism of Carbohydrates I: Mainline Metabolic Pathways ... . 157
I. Transport of Glucose into Cells ... ..157
II. Glycolysis... ..158
III. Feeder Pathways ... ...167
IV. Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ... ..170
V. Gluconeogenesis ... ..179
VI. Glycogen Metabolism ... ...185
Exercises ... .193
Clinical Cases ... .194
10. Metabolism of Carbohydrates II: Secondary Pathways and
Regulation of Blood Glucose Level ... ... 195
I. Pentose Phosphate Pathway ... ..195
II. Uronic Acid Pathway ... .200
III. Metabolism of Other Sugars ... .201
IV. Sorbitol Pathway ... ..201
V. Regulation of Blood Glucose Level ... ...202
Exercises ... .203
Clinical Cases ... .204
11. Lipid Metabolism I: Metabolism of Fatty Acids and Compound Lipids ... . 205
I. -Oxidation ... .205
II. Other Oxidative Pathways ... ..209
III. Ketone Body Production and Metabolism ... ...213
IV. De Novo Synthesis of Fatty Acids ... ..216
V. Chain Elongation and Desaturase Systems ... ...222
VI. Metabolism of Triacylglycerol ... ..223
VII. Adipose Tissue Metabolism ... ...224
VIII. Metabolism of Complex Lipids ... ..227
Exercises ... .233
Clinical Case ... ..234
12. Lipid Metabolism II: Lipoproteins, Cholesterol and Prostaglandins ... .. 235
I. Lipoproteins ... ...235
II. Fatty Liver Syndrome ... .249
III. Metabolism of Cholesterol ... .250
IV. Atherosclerosis ... ..257
V. Prostaglandins ... ...260
Exercises ... .265
Clinical Cases ... .265
13. Amino Acid and Protein Metabolism ... ... 267
I. Nitrogen Metabolism ... ...268
II. Catabolism of Amino Group Nitrogen ... ..269
III. Catabolism of Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids ... ..276
IV. Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism ... .285
V. Biosynthesis of Amino Acids ... .290
VI. Amino Acids as Precursors of Specialized Products ... .292
Exercises ... .299
Clinical Cases ... .299
14. Electron Transport, Oxidative Phosphorylation and Mitochondrial
Membrane Transporters ... ...301
I. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) ... .301
II. Oxidative Phosphorylation ... ...309
III. Mitochondrial Membrane Transporters ... .312
IV. Enzymes Participating in Biological Oxidation ... .314
V. Mitochondrial Myopathies ... .314
Exercises ... .314
Clinical Case ... ..315
15. Integration of Metabolism ... ..316
I. Hormonal Regulation of Major Metabolic Pathways ... .316
II. Metabolic Interconnections and Organ Specialization ... .319
III. Metabolic Adaptations in Three Fasting-starvation States ... ..319
IV. Diabetes Mellitus ... .322
V. Metabolism of Xenobiotics ... ...326
VI. Alcohol Metabolism ... ..330
Exercises ... .331
Clinical Cases ... .331
16. Porphyrins and Bile Pigments ... .. 334
I. General Characteristics of Porphyrins ... .334
II. Biological Significance of Porphyrins ... ..335
III. Nomenclature ... ...335
IV. Synthesis of Haem ... ..336
V. Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism: Porphyrias ... ..339
VI. Haem Breakdown ... ...343
VII. Jaundice ... .345
Exercises ... .348
Clinical Case ... ..349
17. Oxygen Transporters: Haemoglobin and Myoglobin ... .. 350
I. Haemoglobin ... .350
II. Haemoglobin Variants ... ..358
III. Haemoglobin Derivatives ... ...359
IV. Haemoglobinopathies ... ..360
V. Myoglobin ... ...364
VI. Anaemias ... ..365
Exercises ... .366
Clinical Cases ... .367
18. Vitamins ... ... 369
I. Classification and Nomenclature ... ...369
II. Sources, Daily Requirements and Deficiency of Vitamins ... ...371
III. Water-soluble Vitamins ... ...371
IV. Fat-soluble Vitamins ... ..387
Exercises ... .400
Clinical Cases ... .400
19. Minerals ... ... 402
I. Absorption, Transport and Excretion of Minerals... .402
II. Mineral Deficiency or Excess ... .403
III. Sources and Daily Requirements of Minerals ... .403
IV. Major Elements ... .403
V. Trace Elements ... ..407
Exercises ... .417
Clinical Cases ... .417
20. Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nucleotide Metabolism ... .419
I. Nucleotides: Chemistry and Biological Significance ... ..419
II. Purine Metabolism ... .422
III. Pyrimidine Metabolism ... ...433
Exercises ... .437
Clinical Cases ... .438
21. Molecular Biology I: DNA Structure, Genetic Role and Replication ... . 440
I. Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) ... .440
II. Some Physical Properties of DNA ... ..444
III. DNA as Genetic Material ... .445
IV. Architecture of the Human Genome ... ...446
V. Some Commonly Used Terms Related to Molecular Genetics ... ..447
VI. Replication ... ..449
VII. Mutations ... .456
VIII. Repair Systems for Mutated DNA ... ..460
IX. Defective DNA Repair and Human Diseases... ...465
X. Genetic Recombination ... ...465
Exercises ... .466
Clinical Cases ... .467
22. Molecular Biology II: Transcription and Translation ... ... 468
I. Types of RNAs ... ...468
II. Transcription ... ..469
III. Genetic Code ... ..476
IV. Translation ... ..479
V. Protein Targeting ... ..487
Exercises ... .489
Clinical Case ... ..490
23. Molecular Biology III: Regulation of Prokaryotic Gene Expression and
Molecular Genetics ... ..491
I. Constitutive and Inducible Proteins ... .491
II. Operon: A Coordinated Unit of Gene Expression ... ...492
III. Protein-DNA Interaction in Transcriptional Regulation ... ..496
IV. Regulatory Mechanism in Viruses ... ..497
V. Genetic Diseases ... ..498
Exercises ... .500
Clinical Case ... ..501
24. Molecular Biology IV: Eukaryotic Chromosome and Gene Expression ... .. 502
I. Replication has Multiple Sites of Origin ... ...502
II. Untranscribed Human DNA ... .505
III. Gene Distribution Along DNA ... ...506
IV. Transcription ... ..508
V. Translation ... ..515
VI. Regulation of Eukaryotic Gene Expression ... ...520
Exercises ... .525
25. Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering ... . 526
I. Techniques and Enzymes Used in Manipulation of DNA ... ...527
II. DNA Amplification and Cloning ... ...533
III. DNA Library ... ...537
IV. Nucleotide Probes ... ...538
V. Blotting Techniques ... ...539
VI. Applications of Recombinant DNA Technology ... ...541
VII. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism ... ..547
VIII. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) ... ...548
IX. Human Genome Project: Current Status and Future Goals ... ...553
Exercises ... .554
Clinical Case ... ..554
26. Gastrointestinal Pathobiochemistry ... .. 555
I. Digestion and Absorption ... ..555
II. Organ Function Tests ... .560
III. Liver Function Tests ... ...564
Exercises ... .566
Clinical Cases ... .567
27. Free Radicals in Health and Disease ... . 569
I. Incomplete Reduction of Oxygen ... ..569
II. Generation of Oxygen Free Radicals ... .570
III. Damage Produced by Free Radicals ... ..572
IV. Free Radical Scavenger Systems ... ...572
V. Free Radicals in Aetiology of Disease... ...573
Exercises ... .574
Clinical Case ... ..575
28. Energy Metabolism and Nutrition ... .. 576
I. Calorific Values ... .576
II. Components of Energy Requirements ... .577
III. Recommendations for Dietary Nutrients ... ..580
IV. Proximate Principles of Food ... ...581
V. Nutritional Importance of Carbohydrates ... ...581
VI. Nutritional Importance of Fats ... ...583
VII. Nutritional Importance of Proteins ... ..584
VIII. Balanced Diet ... .587
IX. Nutritional Implications of Diseases ... ...587
Exercises ... .590
29. Biochemical Endocrinology ... ...591
I. General Characteristics of Hormone Systems ... .591
II. Hormone Receptors ... ...595
III. Mechanism of Action of Hormones ... .598
IV. Neurotransmitters ... ...607
Exercises ... .608
Clinical Cases ... .608
30. Action of Hormones ... ... 611
I. Hypothalamus-pituitary System ... ..611
II. Hypothalamic Hormones ... ..612
III. Anterior Pituitary Hormones ... ...613
IV. Hormones of Posterior Pituitary ... .618
V. Hormones of Thyroid Gland ... ...619
VI. Hormones of Adrenal Cortex ... ...623
VII. Hormones of Adrenal Medulla ... ...627
VIII. Gastrointestinal Hormones ... ...629
IX. Hormones of Gonads ... ...630
X. Androgens ... ...631
XI. Oestrogens ... ...632
XII. Progesterone ... ...633
Exercises ... .635
Clinical Cases ... .635
31. Calcium and Phosphate: Metabolism and Regulation ... . 637
I. Calcium ... .637
II. Phosphorus ... .643
Exercises ... .645
Clinical Cases ... .646
32. Cancer ... ... 647
I. Tumours: Benign and Malignant ... ...647
II. Distinctive Features of Malignant Cells ... ..648
III. Aetiology ... ..649
IV. Molecular Basis of Protooncogene Activation... .653
V. Some Oncoproteins and Associated Cancers ... ..655
VI. Tumour Markers ... ..656
Exercises ... .658
33. Immunology ... .. 659
I. Historical Milestones ... .660
II. Non-specific and Specific Immune Responses ... ...661
III. Antigens and Immunogens ... ...664
IV. Role of Lymphocytes ... .664
V. Organs of the Immune System ... ...667
VI. Cells of the Immune System ... .671
VII. Molecules of Immune Response ... .672
VIII. Immunoglobulins ... ...676
IX. More about Complement Cascade ... ...679
X. The Recognition of and Response to Nonself ... .680
XI. Cellular Cooperation in the Immune Response ... ...681
XII. Non-specific Effector Cells are Influenced by TH Cells and Immunoglobulins... ...684
XIII. Specific Immune Responses to Some Infections ... ...684
XIV. Vaccines ... .686
XV. Immunological Techniques ... ...687
XVI. Immunologic Dysfunction ... .688
Exercises ... .689
Clinical Cases ... .689
34. Tests for Thyroid, Adrenal and Kidney Functions ... .. 692
I. Thyroid Function Tests ... .692
II. Adrenal Function Tests ... .693
III. Renal Function Tests ... ..695
Exercises ... .697
Clinical Case ... ..698
Index ... . 699
|
|
|
|
